이틀전 캘리포니아 주립대 샌프란시스코 생물공학 패널에서 간염병 전문가들이 다룬 내용이라고 회사에서 받은 이메일 공유합니다. 바쁘신 분들은 굵은 글씨체만 보셔도 될거같아요.

일단 바이러스를 봉쇄하기엔 너무 늦었답니다. 지금 할수 있는 최선은 번지는 속도를 최대한 줄여서 의료시스템이 마비되지 않도록, 그리고 그안에 약이 만들어 지도록 시간을 버는것 뿐이라네요.

지금 미국은 일주일 전 이태리의 상황과 다를바가 없답니다. 미국이 이태리와는 다를거라는 징후가 하나도 없대요. 이미 퍼질대로 퍼졌고 이제 환자들이 급격하게 늘 일만 남은거라고 합니다. 

앞으로 12-18개월의 우리의 삶은 완전히 바뀔거라고 하네요. 여름에 수글어들었다가 가을에 다시 창궐하기 시작할거라고 추정한답니다. 나아지기 전에 상황은 최악으로 내몰릴텐데 아직 우린 시작도 안했구요.

테스트킷 턱업이 부족하고 아프다고 병원에 간다해도 지금 해줄수 있는게 없을거랍니다. 자가격리하고 집에서 쉬면서 간호하래요.

다음 플루시즌 시작하기전에 플루샷을 꼭 맞는게 좋답니다. 코로나를 예방하진 않겠지만 시즈널 독감에 걸리면 그만큼 체내 면역력이 떨어지는데 그 상태에 코로나에도 걸리면 치사율이 높아지기 때문이랍니다. 

페렴 백신도 도움이 될수 있다고 본답니다. 코로나에 걸리면 일단 페렴으로 전이되는게 보통이라서 그런듯요. 그리고 중국이 사스때보다는 그나마 조금 더 투명하게 수치를 공개하고 있다고 하네요 (물론 제 개인적인 생각은 이 수치 조차도 많이 조작된거겠지만요)

University of California, San Francisco BioHub Panel on COVID-19

March 10, 2020

 Panelists

• • Joe DeRisi:  UCSF’s top infectious disease researcher.  Co-president of ChanZuckerberg BioHub (a JV involving UCSF / Berkeley / Stanford).  Co-inventor of the chip used in SARS epidemic.

  • Emily Crawford:  COVID task force director.  Focused on diagnostics

  • Cristina Tato:   Rapid Response Director.  Immunologist.  

  • Patrick Ayescue:   Leading outbreak response and surveillance.  Epidemiologist.  

  • Chaz Langelier:   UCSF Infectious Disease doc

 

What’s below are essentially direct quotes from the panelists.  I bracketed the few things that are not quotes.

• Top takeaways 

• • At this point, we are past containment.  Containment is basically futile.  Our containment efforts won’t reduce the number who get infected in the US.  

  • Now we’re just trying to slow the spread, to help healthcare providers deal with the demand peak.  In other words, the goal of containment is to "flatten the curve", to lower the peak of the surge of demand that will hit healthcare providers.  And to buy time, in hopes a drug can be developed. 

  • How many in the community already have the virus?  No one knows.

  • We are moving from containment to care.  

  • We in the US are currently where at where Italy was a week ago.  We see nothing to say we will be substantially different.

  • 40-70% of the US population will be infected over the next 12-18 months.  After that level you can start to get herd immunity.  Unlike flu this is entirely novel to humans, so there is no latent immunity in the global population.

  • [We used their numbers to work out a guesstimate of deaths— indicating about 1.5 million Americans may die.  The panelists did not disagree with our estimate.  This compares to seasonal flu’s average of 50K Americans per year.  Assume 50% of US population, that’s 160M people infected.  With 1% mortality rate that's 1.6M Americans die over the next 12-18 months.]  

• • • The fatality rate is in the range of 10X flu.

    • This assumes no drug is found effective and made available.

• • The death rate varies hugely by age.  Over age 80 the mortality rate could be 10-15%.  [See chart by age Signe found online, attached at bottom.]  

  • Don’t know whether COVID-19 is seasonal but if is and subsides over the summer, it is likely to roar back in fall as the 1918 flu did

  • I can only tell you two things definitively.  Definitively it’s going to get worse before it gets better.  And we'll be dealing with this for the next year at least.  Our lives are going to look different for the next year.

 

• What should we do now?  What are you doing for your family?

• • Appears one can be infectious before being symptomatic.  We don’t know how infectious before symptomatic, but know that highest level of virus prevalence coincides with symptoms.  We currently think folks are infectious 2 days before through 14 days after onset of symptoms (T-2 to T+14 onset).

  • How long does the virus last?

• • • On surfaces, best guess is 4-20 hours depending on surface type (maybe a few days) but still no consensus on this

    • The virus is very susceptible to common anti-bacterial cleaning agents:  bleach, hydrogen peroxide, alcohol-based.

• • Avoid concerts, movies, crowded places.

  • We have cancelled business travel.  

  • Do the basic hygiene, eg hand washing and avoiding touching face.

  • Stockpile your critical prescription medications.  Many pharma supply chains run through China.  Pharma companies usually hold 2-3 months of raw materials, so may run out given the disruption in China’s manufacturing. 

  • Pneumonia shot might be helpful.  Not preventative of COVID-19, but reduces your chance of being weakened, which makes COVID-19 more dangerous.

  • Get a flu shot next fall.  Not preventative of COVID-19, but reduces your chance of being weakened, which makes COVID-19 more dangerous.

  • We would say “Anyone over 60 stay at home unless it’s critical”.  CDC toyed with idea of saying anyone over 60 not travel on commercial airlines.

  • We at UCSF are moving our “at-risk” parents back from nursing homes, etc. to their own homes.  Then are not letting them out of the house.  The other members of the family are washing hands the moment they come in.

  • Three routes of infection

• • • Hand to mouth / face

    • Aerosol transmission

    • Fecal oral route

 

 

• What if someone is sick?

• • If someone gets sick, have them stay home and socially isolate.  There is very little you can do at a hospital that you couldn’t do at home.  Most cases are mild.  But if they are old or have lung or cardio-vascular problems, read on.

  • If someone gets quite sick who is old (70+) or with lung or cardio-vascular problems, take them to the ER.

  • There is no accepted treatment for COVID-19.  The hospital will give supportive care (eg IV fluids, oxygen) to help you stay alive while your body fights the disease.  ie to prevent sepsis.

  • If someone gets sick who is high risk (eg is both old and has lung/cardio-vascular problems), you can try to get them enrolled for “compassionate use" of Remdesivir, a drug that is in clinical trial at San Francisco General and UCSF, and in China.  Need to find a doc there in order to ask to enroll.  Remdesivir is an anti-viral from Gilead that showed effectiveness against MERS in primates and is being tried against COVID-19.  If the trials succeed it might be available for next winter as production scales up far faster for drugs than for vaccines.  [More I found online.]

  • Why is the fatality rate much higher for older adults?

• • • Your immune system declines past age 50

    • Fatality rate tracks closely with “co-morbidity”, ie the presence of other conditions that compromise the patient’s hearth, especially respiratory or cardio-vascular illness.  These conditions are higher in older adults.   

    • Risk of pneumonia is higher in older adults.  

 

• What about testing to know if someone has COVID-19?  

• • Bottom line, there is not enough testing capacity to be broadly useful.  Here’s why.

  • Currently, there is no way to determine what a person has other than a PCR test.  No other test can yet distinguish "COVID-19 from flu or from the other dozen respiratory bugs that are circulating”.

  • A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test can detect COVID-19’s RNA.  However they still don’t have confidence in the test’s specificity, ie they don’t know the rate of false negatives. 

  • The PCR test requires kits with reagents and requires clinical labs to process the kits. 

  • While the kits are becoming available, the lab capacity is not growing.  

  • The leading clinical lab firms, Quest and Labcore have capacity to process 1000 kits per day.  For the nation.

  • Expanding processing capacity takes “time, space, and equipment.”  And certification.   ie it won’t happen soon.

  • UCSF and UCBerkeley have donated their research labs to process kits.  But each has capacity to process only 20-40 kits per day.  And are not clinically certified.

  • Novel test methods are on the horizon, but not here now and won’t be at any scale to be useful for the present danger.

 

• How well is society preparing for the impact?

• • Local hospitals are adding capacity as we speak.  UCSF’s Parnassus campus has erected “triage tents” in a parking lot.  They have converted a ward to “negative pressure” which is needed to contain the virus.  They are considering re-opening the shuttered Mt Zion facility.

  • If COVID-19 affected children then we would be seeing mass departures of families from cities.  But thankfully now we know that kids are not affected.

  • School closures are one the biggest societal impacts.  We need to be thoughtful before we close schools, especially elementary schools because of the knock-on effects.  If elementary kids are not in school then some hospital staff can’t come to work, which decreases hospital capacity at a time of surging demand for hospital services.  

  • Public Health systems are prepared to deal with short-term outbreaks that last for weeks, like an outbreak of meningitis.  They do not have the capacity to sustain for outbreaks that last for months.  Other solutions will have to be found.

  • What will we do to handle behavior changes that can last for months?

• • • Many employees will need to make accommodations for elderly parents and those with underlying conditions and immune-suppressed.

    • Kids home due to school closures

• • [Dr. DeRisi had to leave the meeting for a call with the governor’s office.  When he returned we asked what the call covered.]  The epidemiological models the state is using to track and trigger action.  The state is planning at what point they will take certain actions.  ie what will trigger an order to cease any gatherings of over 1000 people.  

 

• Where do you find reliable news?

• • The John Hopkins Center for Health Security site.   Which posts daily updates.  The site says you can sign up to receive a daily newsletter on COVID-19 by email.  [I tried and the page times out due to high demand.  After three more tries I was successful in registering for the newsletter.]  

  • The New York Times is good on scientific accuracy.

 

 

• Observations on China

• • Unlike during SARS, China’s scientists are publishing openly and accurately on COVID-19.  

  • While China’s early reports on incidence were clearly low, that seems to trace to their data management systems being overwhelmed, not to any bad intent.

  • Wuhan has 4.3 beds per thousand while US has 2.8 beds per thousand.  Wuhan built 2 additional hospitals in 2 weeks.  Even so, most patients were sent to gymnasiums to sleep on cots. 

  • Early on no one had info on COVID-19.  So China reacted in a way unique modern history, except in wartime.  

 

• Every few years there seems another:  SARS, Ebola, MERS, H1N1, COVID-19.  Growing strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria.  Are we in the twilight of a century of medicine’s great triumph over infectious disease?

• • "We’ve been in a back and forth battle against viruses for a million years."  

  • But it would sure help if every country would shut down their wet markets.  

  • As with many things, the worst impact of COVID-19 will likely be in the countries with the least resources, eg Africa.  See article on Wired magazine on sequencing of virus from Cambodia.